Python Exception Handling

Handle errors using try, except, and finally blocks.

Example:

Python Functions and Modules

Functions allow you to reuse code blocks:

Modules like math and datetime add functionality. Use import to include them in your code.

Dictionaries in Python

Dictionaries store key-value pairs:

Use methods like get() and keys() to manipulate dictionaries.

Python – Working with Strings

Basics of Strings
Strings are sequences of characters. Python treats strings as objects and offers numerous methods.

Common String Methods
Methods like upper(), lower(), replace(), and split() modify strings. For example:

String Formatting
Python supports formatting with f-strings for clean, readable code:

Control Flow Statements

Conditional Statements
Python’s if, elif, and else statements control the flow based on conditions.

Loops
Use for and while loops to repeat code. Control keywords like break and continue alter loop behavior.

Example:

Operators in Python

Python has various operators for different operations:

• Arithmetic Operators: For mathematical operations like +, -, *, /.
• Comparison Operators: Used to compare values.
• Logical Operators: Combine multiple conditions.
• Assignment Operators: Assign values to variables.

For example:

Python Variables and Data Types

What are Variables?
Variables are used to store data. In Python, you do not need to declare the type of variable; it is assigned automatically.

Basic Data Types: Integers, Floats, Strings, Booleans
Python includes several built-in data types:

• int for integers
• float for decimal numbers
• str for text
• bool for true/false values

Example:

Type Conversion
Python allows for easy type conversion with functions like int(), float(), str(), etc.

Basic Python Syntax

Understanding Python Syntax
Python is known for its readability and straightforward syntax. Proper indentation is crucial in Python, as it organizes the structure of the code.

Code Layout and Indentation
Indentation is used to define code blocks. Python requires consistent indentation within blocks of code.

Writing Clear and Readable Code
Python supports comments using the # symbol. Comments are ignored by the interpreter and make your code easier to understand.

Getting Started with Python

Installing Python and Setting Up Your Environment
To start coding in Python, download the latest version from Python’s official website and install it. Ensure that Python is added to your PATH during installation. You can also set up an IDE like PyCharm, VS Code, or simply use IDLE, Python’s built-in editor.

Writing Your First Python Program
Open a new file, type in the following, and save it as hello.py:

Run the program by typing python hello.py in your terminal, and see your first Python output.